Treatment options for T-cell lymphomas: a single-center study

Introduction

The T-cell/natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of generally aggressive neoplasms that constitute less than 10-15 percent of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) in adults [1, 2]. Modern classification of T/NK-cell lymphomas was developed on the basis of histological, immunohistochemical studies of tumor tissue and clinical presentation of lymphomas. In 2016, the World Health Organization classification revised the classification of both nodal and extranodal T/NK-cell lymphomas, which led to the introduction of new temporary structures [3]. Many of these changes were caused by the results of genomic studies using approaches to study gene expression profiling (GEP) and the genetic landscape of T/NK cell lymphomas. However, despite advances in molecular diagnostic methods, histological examination of tumor tissue and clinical manifestations remain the main diagnostic approach.

Another area of research concerns dismal outcomes in the patients with T/NK-cell lymphomas, except for anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) positive for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) [4]. There are currently no successful treatment standards for the T/NK-cell lymphomas, both in the first-line therapy, and in refractory/relapsed (r/r) settings. Today, almost 70% of patients undergoing first-line therapy develop a relapse or refractory disease. A review of the scientific literature allowed us to identify a range of therapeutic options for patients with T/NK-cell lymphomas [5]. It includes the following approaches:
- Hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT);
- Therapy with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs), e.g., anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate (Brentuximab vedotin), anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibodies (Mogamulizumab), a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD52 (Alemtuzumab), the monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (Bevacizumab) [6-19];
- ALK inhibitors (Crizotinib, Ceritinib) [20];
- Therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, e.g., Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Ipilimumab, Durvalumab [21-27];
- Histone deacetylase inhibitors (Belinostat, Panobinostat, Chidamide, Romidepsin, Vorinostat) [28-34];
- CAR-T/NK-cell therapy [35, 36];
- In situ vaccination [37].

There are a lot of studies and a large number of drugs being introduced into clinical studies, but at the present time, greatest evidence base should be recognized for brentuximab and bone marrow transplantation. E.g., patients with r/r T/NK-cell lymphomas who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic and/or autologous) had a better outcome compared to the subset of non-transplanted patients (3-year survival rates of 48% and 18%, respectively) [5]. These conclusions also supported by data of Abekasis et al., demonstrating that autologous and/or allogeneic HSCT is an effective and safe option for the consolidation of patients with TCL [38].

Recently published results of a clinical study ECHELON-2 showed that front-line treatment with Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin) + CHP protocol is superior to CHOP for patients with CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphomas, thus suggesting that A+CHP is likely to be the standard first-line therapy [39].

Also, brentuximab vedotin showed good results in the treatment of r/r CD30 positive TCL [40]. Mostly, there were anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALСL), angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), Sézary syndrome and Mycosis Fungoides (MF) [7]. The objective response was from 92% to 40%, with best results obtained in ALСL treatment [41, 42]. These methods are actively used at our center.

Hence, the aim of this study was to present our single-center experience in the treatment of patients with T/NK-cell lymphomas.

Patients and methods

We analyzed data of 47 patients with TCL eligible for stem cells transplantation treated in the R. Gorbacheva Memorial Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Transplantation at the Pavlov University from 2005 to 2019 including 44 cases with r/r TCL and 3 patients being in complete response after first-line therapy. Among them, 10 patients were diagnosed with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK+); 5 cases with anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALK); 4 cases with angioimmunoblastic TCL (AITL); 4 patients with hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL); 1 case of γδ T cell lymphoma (γδ TCL); 20 patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS); 1 patient with mucosis fungoides (MF); 1, with primary cutaneous CD4+ T-cell lymphoma (CD4+ PCSM-TCL), and one patient with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL), as seen from Fig. 1.

General characteristics of the patients are outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of T-cell lymphoma patients

The treatment was tailored according to biological tumor markers revealed in the patients. In 10 patients with CD30+ PTCL (n=4 with PTCL-NOS; n=4 with ALK+; n=1 with ALK; n=1 with AITL), Brentuximab vedotin was used. One patient with ALK+ anaplastic lymphoma received ALK inhibitor crizotinib. Five patients with PD-L1 hyperexpression (n=4 with PTCL-NOS; n=1 with γδ TCL) were treated with nivolumab. Overall 24 patients underwent HSCT: high-dose chemotherapy with auto-HSCT was performed in 16 patients, 13 patients underwent allo-HSCT (among them 5 patients with relapses after auto-HSCT). Place of auto-HSCT in the treatment of TCL in our center could be seen from Table 2.

Main characteristics of patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Main clinical characteristics of 13 patients with r/r TCL subjected to allo-HSCT

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The descriptive statistics methods were applied when appropriate. Both OS and PFS were censored at the date of the last contact and were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference in OS was tested with log-rank test.

Results

At the time of analysis, 35 patients remained alive. These were mainly patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (TCL-NOS), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (LCL), ALK+ as the most common histological subtype and the histological subtype with the best prognosis, respectively (Fig. 2).

Results of treatment of patients of our center are presented in the Table 4.

The median follow-up of alive patients was 35 months (6-122 mo). The median overall survival was not reached, 5-year survival rate was 81% and 8-year survival rate was 78% (Fig. 3 and 4).

Figure 3, 4. 5-year (A) and 8-year (B) overall survival patients with T-cell lymphoma treated at R. Gorbacheva Memorial Institute

Table 4. Clinical state and survival rates of the TCL patients after HSCT

Complete remission (CR) state was maintained at the last follow up in 22 patients, partial remission (PR) was documented in 4 patients and PD, in 21 case. Among factors significantly associated with adverse prognosis were: lower ECOG performance status and B-symptoms at the time of diagnosis (p=0.06) (Fig. 5 and 6).

Figure 5, 6. 5-year survival rates depend on ECOG performance status (A), and presence of B-symptoms (B). The difference is significant by p=0.06

Patients that had undergo HSCT showed significantly better disease status at the moment of last follow up: 17/19 (89%) were in CR, versus 5/16 (31%) in patients who did not undergo HSCT (Fig. 7). This can probably be attributed to the fact that patients had a good disease status before transplantation. I would also like to note that such a large number of patients who have not undergone HSCT is associated with age and severe comorbid status, the absence of a donor, unsuccessful apheresis of hematopoietic stem cell, or patient refusal from HSCT.

3-year progression-free survival in patients with TCL after auto-HSCT and allo-HSCT was 50%. And 61%, respectively (Fig. 8, 9).

Figure 8, 9. 5-year progression-free survival for patients with T-cell lymphoma after autoHSCT (A) and allogeneic HSCT (B)

5-year overall survival after auto-HSCT and allo-HSCT rate was 87% and 77% respectively (Fig. 10 and 11).

Figure 10, 11. 5-year overall survival for patients with T-cell lymphoma after auto-HSCT (A) and allo-HSCT (B)

Discussion

Today there is no generally adopted strategy for achievement of responses for r/r patients with PTCL and CTCL (cutaneous TCL), and significant improvements are needed in treatment methods for all subtypes of T/NK-cell lymphomas.

One such solution may be in the future, that we can expect combination therapies of new agents with cytotoxic chemotherapies, therapeutic combinations consisting of new agents and the use of these combinations in earlier in the course of treatment – addition to the first line of therapy. This statement is generally confirmed by the successful experience of our center, which consists in the use of some new drugs, taking into account biological tumor markers.

Our study also shows that HSCT improves the results, which is comparable with the data in world literature.

The consolidation auto-HSCT of achieved remission after first-line therapy can change overall survival for the better [5].

Allo-HSCT has the most solid evidence of the potential to significantly prolong survival or for the cure of disease [43]. But this method is not perfect due to a number of reasons: transplant-related mortality, absence of a donor for allo-HSCT, few appropriate candidates because of age, lack of adequate response to primary therapy, and/or absence of effective agents in the relapsed/refractory setting [44].

Nevertheless, over the past year, there has been a positive trend in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, which is associated with the introduction of new conditioning regimens, prevention of graft-versus-host disease, new accompanying therapy.

These methods are used at our institute, but it should be noted that not only the improvement of approaches to the treatment of patients with TCL led to good results, but also the artificial selection of patients. Historically, we have accommodated patients who could theoretically become candidates for HSCT, which means patients with good comorbid status.

For the patients who are not candidates for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation the novel therapies (CAR-T/NK-cell therapy; monoclonal antibodies therapy, molecularly targeted therapy) may become the new successful standard of treatment [45].

Conclusion

Our results show that introduction of novel agents and consolidation with high dose chemotherapy and auto-HSCT or allo-HSCT in selected cases improve outcomes in patients with r/r TCL. Brentuximab vedotin and nivolumab based treatment may be successfully used as a bridge therapy before HSCT. The treatment was tailored according to hyperexpression CD30 and PD-L1.

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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